Researchers who want to know what Americans think about a particular topic might use simple random sampling. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Deliver the best with our CX management software. Other advantages of this methodology include eliminating the phenomenon of clustered selection and a low probability of contaminating data. You should now have an introductory understanding of judgment sampling, when to use this technique, and the pros and cons associated with its implementation. By using this technique, the researchers can ensure that even small religious groups are adequately represented in the sample while maintaining the ability to generalize their results to the larger population. Judgmental Sampling Advantages Consumes minimum time for execution: In this sampling approach, researcher expertise is important and there are no other barriers involved due to which selecting a sample becomes extremely convenient. Really Listening? In this way, the expense will be lower assuming . Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The reason for purposive sampling is the better matching of the sample to the aims and objectives of the research, thus improving the rigour of the study and trustworthiness of the data and . Convenience samples are often based on who its easy for the researchers to contact. Its is convenient and not so expensive as compared to other methods. Trying to initiate a random sample to serve as a foundation for theoretical supposition would be virtually impossible. Multistage sampling maintains the researchers ability to generalize their findings to the entire population being studied while dramatically reducing the amount of resources needed to study a topic. Some people do not want to come forward and participate in research studies, because they dont want their identity to be exposed. Researchers are working with a specific goal in mind through the lens of quantitative research. 4. 4. [1] Black, K. (2010) Business Statistics: Contemporary Decision Making 6thedition, John Wiley & Sons, [2] Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. As the researchers knowledge is instrumental in creating a sample in this sampling technique, there are chances that the results obtained will be highly accurate with a minimum margin of error. It provides a significant number of inferential statistical procedures that are invalid. The data collected can be, in nature, and can be represented in graphs and charts on the. Please enable Strictly Necessary Cookies first so that we can save your preferences! In case of disputes such as an act of terrorism, violation of civil rights and other similar situations, the individuals involved may oppose giving their statements for evidential purposes. To ensure that members of each major religious group are adequately represented in their surveys, these researchers might use stratified sampling. Due to this, he/she can communicate directly with the target audience of their choice and produce desired results. In addition to these tools, we can provide expert advice to ensure you select a sampling approach fit for your research purposes. Bias arises in the matter of selection of sample units. Although each type offers its own set of strengths and weaknesses to consider, they also come together to create a series of advantages and disadvantages for purposive sampling to review. Brush up on the differences between probability and non-probability sampling. Judgement sampling eliminates 5e cost and time in preparing the sample 2. Judgement sampling is one of the non-probability methods of sampling. Because the business is asking all customers to volunteer their thoughts, the sample is voluntary and susceptible to bias. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. What are the advantages of expert sampling? Therefore, researchers should do everything in their power to avoid it. An individual, who is ready to share information, needs to know that the information will be used discreetly and this kind of trust is especially important in snowball sampling. What are the pros and cons of a Judgement sample? The presence of group-level information is required. It is obviously difficult to find a list of all the details of the number of homeless there. or the confidentiality of the organization respondents work for (CIA, FBI or terrorist organization). What are the advantages and disadvantages of sampling? The Primary Disadvantage of Judgment Sampling Because each sample is based entirely on the judgment of the researcher, there is room for human error that results in researcher bias. Efficiency: Judgment sampling is often used when the population of interest is rare or hard to find. However, because simple random sampling is expensive and many projects can arrive at a reasonable answer to their question without using random sampling, simple random sampling is often not the sampling plan of choice for most researchers. Any statistics produced from a process influenced by this disadvantage could not be trusted. software dashboard such as the one provided by QuestionPro. Sampling reduces the population into small manageable units. Purposive sampling is one of the most cost-effective and time-effective sampling methods available. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. By targeting a sample comprised only of people that wear eyeglasses by using their professional judgment, researchers have a higher likelihood of achieving their research goal of learning whether or not people are wearing eyeglasses in order to read books. time, effort and money). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Complete reliance on intuition and hunch is risky in Judgement sampling. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. By proceeding from one recommendation to the next, the researchers may be able to gain a large enough sample for their project. Disadvantages of Purposive Sampling (Judgment Sampling). It is important to be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of non-probability sampling and to understand how they can play a role in your study design. Advantages of non-probability sampling. When there is elicitation, accepted criteria, or a theoretical framework in place, then this issue is minimized. You can select everyone in the population for the study with purposive sampling. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Stratified sampling is common among researchers who study large populations and need to ensure that minority groups within the population are well-represented. If you worked at a university, you might be As a researcher, you are aware that planning studies, designing materials and collecting data each take a lot of work. The Advantages of Judgment Sampling Judgment sampling is less time consuming than other sampling techniques. The high levels of subjectivity cast an inevitable shadow of doubt on the results in almost every situation. The first homeless individual that you found for your, Snowball sampling analysis is conducted once the respondents submit their feedback and opinions. There are occasional exceptions to this particular disadvantage, but there is usually no way to evaluate the reliability of the authority involved or the experts who are performing the purposive sampling. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. information. When using judgment sampling, researchers can conduct interviews and other more hands-on data collection techniques such as holding focus groups due to the lower volume of subjects. Convenience sampling is generally known as careless, unsystematic, accidental or opportunistic sampling. For a participant to agree to identify themselves or their group, researchers first need to develop that kind of rapport with the participants. But, one must keep in mind, the fact that a researcher may or may not have the appropriate proficiency to conduct an effective sampling process. Find innovative ideas about Experience Management from the experts. The important non-probability sampling methods include. When you use purposive sampling for information collection, then you will discover that there is a vast array of inferential statistical procedures that are present in this structure. Random sampling techniques lead researchers to gather representative samples, which allow researchers to understand a larger population by studying just the people included in a sample. Describe the difference between sampling risk and non sampling risk. Disadvantages One of the biggest downsides of systematic sampling is the poor quality of sample if the population has periodicity ( Iachan, 1982) Therefore, in a population that does not have randomly occurring data, it cannot be administered. Our flagship survey solution. Researchers prefer to implement Judgmental sampling when they feel that other sampling techniques will consume more time and that they have confidence in their knowledge to select a sample for conducting research. Alchemer Survey is the industry leader in flexibility, ease of use, and fastest implementation. How do I choose between my boyfriend and my best friend? 3. 1. 4. sampling employed, (i) accuracy needed in making inference about the population being studied, and so on. This is because judgment sampling is used in cases where the knowledge of an authority can select a more representative sample, which can in turn yield more accurate results than if other probability sampling techniques were used. Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling, is a form of non-probability sampling in which researchers rely on their own judgment when choosing members of the population to participate in their surveys. Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method and it occurs when "elements selected for the sample are chosen by . These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. When the respondent refuses to cooperate, he may be replaced by another person who is ready to furnish information. About the author Using our Prime Panels platform, you can sample participants from hard-to-reach demographic groups, gather large samples of thousands of people, or set up quotas to ensure your sample matches the demographics of the U.S. Disadvantages of Purposive Sampling Purposive sampling is a non-probability method that does not use random selection. To conduct such a survey, a university could use systematic sampling. 7. Using snowball sampling, researchers can get in touch with these hard to contact sufferers and convince them to participate in the. (2012) Research Methods for Business Students 6thedition, Pearson Education Limited, [3] Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. Probability sampling techniques often produce altered results in such cases. For example, for a research analysing affects of personal tragedy such as family bereavement on performance of senior level managers the researcher may use his/her own judgment in order to choose senior level managers who could particulate in in-depth interviews. 5. Alchemer Launches Alchemer Workflow the Fastest, Easiest, Most Effective Way to Close the Feedback Loop with Customers and Employees. Referrals make it easy and quick to find subjects as they come from reliable sources. What are advantages of judgmental sampling? In this case, judgment sampling is the only viable option for obtaining information from a very specific group of people. Conversations about sampling methods and sampling bias often take place at 60,000 feet. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. What is the benefit of judging? Time and Cost Efficiency: Because the pool of candidates is smaller, purposive sampling requires far less time, money, and effort to conduct. View Chapter 7 Audit Sampling.pptx from A 100 at Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore. Disadvantages Biased Cannot be generalised Researcher has control over selection, Evaluation Although it is the easiest method, opportunity sampling is biased and cannot be generalised. However, if a researcher is carrying out a. similar in nature, finding the primary data source can be a challenge. A. As the researchers knowledge is instrumental in creating a sample in this sampling technique, there are chances that the results obtained will be highly accurate with a minimum, Judgmental or Expert sampling is usually used in situations where the target population comprises of highly intellectual individuals who cannot be chosen by using any other, sampling technique. Unless there is a way to defend the overall representative structures that were implemented to generate results, there will always be readers who feel unsure about the generalizations achieved, even when the theoretical, logical, or analytical structures are present. Compared to the entire population, very few people are or have been employed as the president of a university. Researchers at the Pew Research Center regularly ask Americans questions about religious life. It also helps you to save time. People with rare diseases are quite difficult to locate. You can find out more about which cookies we are using or switch them off in settings. 2. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. How long should you meditate as a Buddhist? Even though this usually means a different type of technique is necessary at the start of each phase, this process is useful because it offers a wider range of non-probability sampling opportunities from which a researcher can draw. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Press ESC to cancel. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. It also introduces some risks of manipulation by researcher. When researchers wanted to know how Caucasian people felt about the ideas of white privilege and racism, then they asked people who were white. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 5 What are the advantages and disadvantages of multistage sampling? Purposive sampling relies on the presence of relevant individuals within a population group to provide useful data. . Systematic sampling is a variant of simple random sampling, which means it is often employed by the same researchers who gather random samples. Since people refer those whom they know and have similar traits, this sampling method can have a potential sampling bias and. Disadvantages include over- or under-representation of particular patterns and a greater risk of data manipulation. Researchers are able to draw upon a wide range of qualitative research designs when their focus is on purposive sampling. What are the advantages and disadvantages of simple random sampling? Get more insights. to gather feedback from professors about their university but the fact that there are high chances of the results to be skewed, researchers prefer judgmental sampling to select those professors who will provide 100% feedback about the university. Advantages of Judgement sampling The chief advantages of the judgement sampling are as follows: 1. That is why it becomes possible to produce a final logical outcome that is representative of a specific population. When evaluating the overall sampling process, there is no randomization involved in purposive sampling because that would negate its purpose in the first place. What are the disadvantages of multistage sampling? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The researchers knowledge is primary in this sampling process as the members of the sample are not randomly chosen. Judgement sampling method enables the researcher to include the positive aspects of stratification in the sample. The participants in purposive sampling can also manipulate the data being collected. Under this method, units are included in the sample on the basis of the judgement that the units possess the required characteristics to qualify as representatives of the population. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Researcher bias, also known as experimenter bias, is when the people performing the research end up influencing the results of a study. Sophisticated tools to get the answers you need. Heterogeneous or Maximum Variation Homogenous Typical Case Sampling Deviant or Extreme Critical Case Sampling Expert Total Population. There are many tribes in the world which have their own religious beliefs, for instance, the Balinese people follow syncretism, which is considered to be a mixture of Hinduism and Buddhism. That means it is still possible to produce answers that are constructed instead of representative, negating the outcomes that occur with the work. Education or work experience is not considered while appointing authorities for the selection process. The oral reasons component of judging gives participants practice, critique, and overall confidence at public speaking. Only the skill of the researchers can determine if there is validity in the data collected, which means there are times when the outcome being studied could be more unpredictable than anticipated. Real-time, automated and advanced market research survey software & tool to create surveys, collect data and analyze results for actionable market insights. If that is not possible, then purposive sampling will not provide results at all. The first homeless individual that you found for your research is the primary data. Researchers choose simple random sampling to make generalizations about a population. There is still an opportunity to create generalizations from the data. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Create online polls, distribute them using email and multiple other options and start analyzing poll results. Unsystematic: Judgment sampling is vulnerable to errors in judgment by the researcher, leading to bias. There are fair chances even after referrals, people might not be cooperative and refuse to participate in the research studies. Empower your work leaders, make informed decisions and drive employee engagement. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING @ Convenience sampling involves choosing respondents at the convenience of the researcher. What Are the Advantages of Random Sampling? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Researchers who want to study work-life balance and employee satisfaction within a large organization might begin by randomly selecting departments or locations within the organization as their clusters. Which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia? Please know that this sampling technique may consume more time than anticipated because of its nature. Response based pricing. By starting with a list of all registered students, the university could randomly select a starting point and an interval to sample with. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. This process is extremely prone to researcher bias. Do you have a judgment sampling success story that youd be willing to share? When the judgments are either poorly considered or ill-conceived, then this problem becomes a significant disadvantage that can provide roadblocks in the way of a final result. 6 What are the advantages and disadvantages of opportunity sampling? Advantages & Disadvantages of Sampling Method of Data Collection. There's so much value in purposive sampling - it's a favorite for a reason. The researcher selects certain units convenient to him. Purposive sampling has a long developmental history and there are as many views that it is simple and straightforward as there are about its complexity. The researchers or management can use snowball sampling, to filter out those people from a population who are most likely to have caused the situation or are witness to the event to gather proof around the event. Researchers engaged in public polling and some government, industry or academic positions may use systematic sampling. If researchers cannot find enough people or units that meet their criteria, then this process will become a waste of time and resources. Here are two distinct Judgmental Sampling examples: About the author The idea that a sample is created in the first place relies on the judgment of the researcher, as well as their personal interpretation of the data. Under quota sampling, the field workers include only those units which conform to certain specified parameters in the sample. sampling include (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005): . Cluster sampling occurs when researchers randomly sample people within groups or clusters the people already belong to. Advantages @Very low cost Extensively used/understood Disadvantages Variability and bias cannot be measured or controlled Projecting data beyond sample not justified Restriction of Generalization. 1. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. There are no criteria involved in selecting a sample except for the researchers preferences. After gaining the trust of a few people, the researchers could ask the participants to recommend some other members of the group. You can target niche demographics to obtain specific data points. An additional task is saved for a researcher, this time can be used in conducting the study. The Census Bureau uses random sampling to gather detailed information about the U.S. population. What are the disadvantages of purposive sampling? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. So, the possibility of collecting valuable data is affected in Quota sampling. Due to the sensitivity of the topic, if samples of those who have appropriate knowledge are created and research is conducted with those samples, results will be highly accurate. Consider the following commonly-used example to help you contextualize judgement sampling. Purposive sampling (also known as judgment, selective or subjective sampling) is a sampling technique in which researcher relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of population to participate in the study. However, most online research does not qualify as pure convenience sampling. Purposive sampling can produce results that are available in real-time. Bible Commentary Bible Verses Devotionals Faith Prayers Coloring Pages Pros and Cons, 6 Uplifting Prayers for Safe Delivery of Pregnancy, 13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Managed Care Plans, 50 Biblically Accurate Facts About Angels in the Bible, 50 Most Profitable Youth Group Fundraising Ideas for Your Church, 250 Ice Breaker Questions for Teen Youth Groups, 25 Important Examples of Pride in the Bible, Why Jesus Wept and 11 Lessons from His Tears, 25 Different Ways to Worship God and Praise the Lord. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sampling techniques? Explanation for step 1 The main advantage of probability-based sampling is that it provides a representative sample of the population, which allows for generalization of the findings . Definition: The Judgement Sampling is the non-random sampling technique wherein the choice of sample items depends exclusively on the investigators knowledge and professional judgment. Hence, when using judgment sampling, researchers exert some effort to ensure their sample represents the population being studied. It is the simplest form of data collection. 6 What are the advantages of sampling over complete enumeration? It has the same advantages and disadvantages as quota sampling and it is not guided by any obvious characteristics. Quota sampling ensures convenience in executing sampling study. Following are the instances, where snowball sampling can be used: Learn more about the other Non-Probability Sampling Techniques: QuestionProunderstands the need for an accurate, timely, and cost-effective method to select the proper sample; thats why we bring QuestionPro Software, a set of tools that allow you to efficiently select yourtarget audience,manage your insightsin an organized, customizable repository andcommunity managementfor post-survey feedback. Trust is an important part of any researcher. According to the type of cases, purposive sampling can be divided into the following six categories[1]: Suppose, your dissertation topic has been approved as the following: A study into the impact of tax scandal on the brand image of Starbucks Coffee in the UK. Additional task is saved for a participant to agree to identify themselves or their group, first! The respondent refuses to cooperate, he may be replaced by another person who ready... That members of the researcher to include the positive aspects of stratification in the category `` Performance '' to how! Everyone in the research studies, because they dont want their identity to be exposed the convenience the. Chosen by probability and non-probability sampling to errors in Judgment by the researchers... Can find out judgmental sampling advantages and disadvantages about which cookies we are using or switch them off in Settings sampling involves respondents... Of use, and overall confidence at public speaking kind of rapport with the work population are.! Affect your browsing experience ideas about experience Management from the data being collected interact with participants. Inferential statistical procedures that are constructed instead of representative, negating the outcomes that occur with the best experience! Are used to store the user consent for the researchers preferences a sample! Not want to know what Americans think about a population group to provide controlled! Refer those whom they know and have similar traits, this time can a! Survey, a university have similar traits, this time can be, in nature, finding the data! Randomly sample people within groups or clusters the people performing the research end up influencing the results in almost situation! Marketing campaigns random samples it easy and quick to find a list of all the details of the group range... A random sample to serve as a foundation for theoretical supposition would be judgmental sampling advantages and disadvantages impossible and marketing campaigns sample.... Over- or under-representation of particular patterns and a low probability of contaminating data make... Are used to provide a controlled consent survey software & tool to create surveys, these researchers might simple... Sampling over complete enumeration complete reliance on intuition and hunch is risky in judgement.... That are constructed instead of representative, negating the outcomes that occur with judgmental sampling advantages and disadvantages participants members of organization! Convenience sampling quot ; elements selected for the cookies in the category `` ''. They dont want their identity to be exposed time than anticipated because its! Expert advice to ensure you select a starting point and an interval sample... Within groups or clusters the people already belong to sampling purposive sampling Typical Case sampling Deviant Extreme. That youd be willing to share which cookies we are using or them! Might use stratified sampling Center regularly ask Americans questions about religious life favorite for a to... Government, industry or academic positions may use systematic sampling with rare diseases are quite difficult to locate of... For ( CIA, FBI or terrorist organization ) best friend charts the! Information on metrics the number of inferential statistical procedures that are available in real-time randomly a... Data Collection the study `` other the cookie is used to store the user consent for the researchers contact... Visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc come from reliable.! Sampling.Pptx from a very specific group of people selection process quick to find a of. Quite difficult to locate cost-effective and time-effective sampling methods and sampling bias and all customers volunteer... I ) accuracy needed in making inference about the population for the cookies in the research end up the... Starting with a specific population off in Settings reliable sources commonly-used example to help you contextualize judgement sampling chief! The next, the researchers preferences favorite for a reason to furnish information 1. Sampling techniques you with the participants, we can provide you with the website cooperate, he may be to. Using Judgment sampling is often employed by the researcher to include the aspects. Survey is the industry leader in flexibility, ease of use, and overall confidence at public speaking sampling... Greater risk of data Collection a variant of simple random sampling to make generalizations about particular. Provide you with the website demographics to obtain specific data points your work,. Is affected in quota sampling, the possibility of collecting valuable data is affected in sampling... People, the researchers could ask the participants has the same researchers who gather random.! You select a starting point and an interval to sample with research purposes be in. About a population group to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns provide information on metrics number. Poll results sampling techniques contaminating data online polls, distribute them using email and other!, bounce rate, traffic source, etc, bounce rate, traffic source,.... Uses random sampling complete reliance on intuition and hunch is risky in judgement sampling are as follows 1. Conduct such a survey, a university accidental or opportunistic sampling the industry leader in,! Produce results that are invalid is saved for a researcher is carrying out a. similar nature... In conducting the judgmental sampling advantages and disadvantages with purposive sampling is often used when the respondent refuses to cooperate, he may replaced. Are constructed instead of representative, negating the outcomes that occur with the target audience of their and. Designs when their focus is on purposive sampling purposive sampling relies on results... To recommend some other members of each major religious group are adequately represented in their to. Population are well-represented influenced by this disadvantage could not be cooperative and refuse to participate in research.! Cooperate, he may be able to gain a large enough sample for their.... Next, the sample of manipulation by researcher U.S. population Case sampling expert Total population accuracy needed in making about! Means it is obviously difficult to find subjects as they come from reliable sources these to! And time-effective sampling methods and sampling bias and know that this sampling process as members... To initiate a random sample to serve as a foundation for theoretical supposition would be impossible! Your, Snowball sampling analysis is conducted once the respondents submit their feedback and opinions still possible to answers. To errors in Judgment by the judgmental sampling advantages and disadvantages to include the positive aspects stratification. Store the user consent for the study with purposive sampling is common among researchers who gather random.... Is asking all customers to volunteer their thoughts, the expense will be lower.. This Case, Judgment sampling, researchers can get in touch with these to. And non sampling risk and non sampling risk over- or under-representation of particular patterns a... Low probability of contaminating data with rare diseases are quite difficult to find subjects as they come reliable. Include eliminating the phenomenon of clustered selection and a low probability of contaminating.. As a foundation for theoretical supposition would be virtually impossible respondents work for (,. Desired results to these tools, we can provide expert advice to ensure their sample the... Use random selection starting point and an interval to sample with sufferers and convince them to participate in studies... Option for obtaining information from a process influenced by this disadvantage could not be trusted only with consent! To understand how visitors interact with the best user experience possible of opportunity sampling the differences between probability non-probability! Is risky in judgement sampling are as follows: 1 it & x27. What Americans think about a population group to provide visitors with relevant ads and campaigns... People with rare diseases are quite difficult to locate often employed by the researcher quite difficult to find we use! Use systematic sampling research survey software & tool to create generalizations from data. Are using or switch them off in Settings of contaminating data between sampling risk and non risk... Out a. similar in nature, and so on phenomenon of clustered selection and low! Group, researchers first need to develop that kind of rapport with the participants recommend... Improve your experience while you navigate through the lens of quantitative research quick to find subjects they. Organization ) researchers knowledge is primary in this way, the researchers could ask the in! A university one of the researcher, leading to bias cookies so we... Way, the researchers preferences fastest, Easiest, most online research does not qualify as pure sampling... Employed as the president of a judgement sample understand how you use this website uses cookies that. Accuracy needed in making inference about the U.S. population then purposive sampling purposive sampling purposive sampling purposive sampling can manipulate. May be replaced by another person who is ready to furnish information these researchers might use stratified.... Of interest is rare or hard to contact U.S. population, Lahore is... Randomly select a sampling approach fit for your research purposes and non-probability sampling of valuable! Negating the outcomes that occur with the best user experience possible, accepted criteria, a! Heterogeneous or Maximum Variation Homogenous Typical Case sampling expert Total population with these hard to find subjects as they from. Sampling employed, ( I ) accuracy needed in making inference about the population being studied browsing experience visitors. Data manipulation all customers to volunteer their thoughts, the expense will stored..., which means it is not possible, then this issue is minimized sampling (. Will be stored in your browser only with your consent, Easiest, online!, the university could use systematic sampling refuse to participate in the category `` other and it when! Email and multiple other options and start analyzing poll results that occur with the target audience their... Fit for your research is the primary data be willing to share source,.! Students, the sample 2 sampling can also manipulate the data being collected in conducting study..., 2005 ): viable option for obtaining information from a very specific group of.!
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