An airfield had been built there during an area gold rush in the 1920s and 1930s. The westernmost island of this group, Goodenough, had been occupied in August 1942 by 353 stranded troops from bombed Japanese landing craft. They subsequently neutralized the Japanese positions, as well as interdicted a portion of the Japanese movements, and anticipated Japanese defensive position and strengths. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . In New Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the northern coast, pushing the Japanese before them. Then began the grueling Kokoda Track campaign, a brutal experience for both the Japanese and Australian troops involved. Another document, captured on Luzon in early February, gave the Japanese 14th Army Operation Order of January 8th, bringing to light the plan of the Japanese Armys movement into Northern Luzon and the organization of the Shimbu group and its mission into Southern Luzon. This bombing operation was also the moment in the New Guinea campaign when Japanese air power no longer threatened the Allies. Opposing these forces were the Australian 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th Battalions along with Lieutenant Colonel Norman Fleay's Kanga Force. For this purpose, liaison was established and during July and August ATIS furnished the Board with approximately 1,200 pages of translations. First, with completion of the reduction of Rabaul, the South Pacific Area was closed as an active theatre, and Halsey left to take command of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. [57] Stephen R. Taaffe reached a similar conclusion. At wars end it moved to Tokyo. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 38. per cubic foot, this works out to 1,350 cubic feet of records. Actual Allied losses amounted to one destroyer, one oiler, one corvette, two cargo ships and approximately 25 aircraft. After the Japanese invasion of New Guinea the Americans, aided by Australian troops, organized a series of landings and other offensive actions against the Japanese in New Guinea. Gen. Frank D. Merrill, captured 2 tons of documents at Myitkyina, Burma. Found on the vessel were Japanese documents, including field orders and prisoner interrogation reports that indicated the Japanese knew when and where the American operation was to take place. Captured and sunken Japanese ships and boats also provided large quantities of documents, many of immediate value. [27], The ground forces would be supported by two naval bombardment forces. In January 1943 the Allied and the Japanese forces facing each other on New Guinea were like two battered heavyweights. 2 in May 1943. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents (December 14, 1944); No. [1] All of the various organizations widely disseminated the information contained in the captured records. It was later thought that 3000 troops from the 6th Sea Detachment were in the area, and reinforcements were being rapidly transferred there. For his action during the Biak operation, Jack Y. Cannon, the commanding officer of the 41st CIC Detachment received the Silver Star. Two months after JICPOA was formed US forces invaded the Gilbert Islands. The students were mostly second-generation Japanese-Americans (Nisei) from the West Coast. [8] At the start of 1943, ICPOA was basically dealing with intercepted messages because not that many prisoners of war or documents had been captured. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Bypassing the Japanese base at Halmahera, south of Morotai, the XI Corps quickly established a defensive perimeter behind which airfields were constructed to provide air support for further advances. Also captured on January 19th was a radio chart that was used by I Corps Signal officers to gain highly satisfactory results in the monitoring of Japanese radio communications. This bombardment was augmented with air strikes from carrier-borne aircraft, while two destroyer-minesweepers, Long and Hogan, swept the bay ahead of the main landing force. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. [44], I-Go was to be carried out in two phases, one against the lower Solomons and one against Papua. This attack also destroyed 60 percent of all rations and ammunition that had been landed, and resulted in shortages amongst the infantry advancing towards the airfields. The admirals preferred to bypass the Philippines and take Formosa, which was much closer to Japan. On October 22, 1944, X Corps captured four sketches, one of gun positions north of Dulag, Leyte, and three of San Roque, Catmon Hill Area, Leyte, containing gun and coastal defense positions. [63][64], Meanwhile, the Allies quickly made the Sentani airfields operational and were able to mount bombing raids on Japanese positions as far west as Biak, making them useless for air operations. [8], The Japanese high command intended to hold Hollandia. U.S. Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area (except the B-29s) were placed under Lieut. [14] The 18th Army did not plan for the defense of Hollandia, and the Army Air Force and Naval units stationed there had little opportunity to develop plans due to the rapid turnover of their leadership. Except for some fairly heavy air raids, the Japanese reacted feebly to this penetration of their last defenses before the Philippines. Nowhere in the modern world has an armed liberation struggle persisted for so long - nearly 30 years - and with such secrecy, as the West Papuan war of resistance against the military government of Indonesia. To ensure that all involved in captured records activities had an appreciation for records and information, the Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) (Southwest Pacific Area [SWPA]) published, at the specific direction of the War Department, Publication No. In February 1943, the first contingent of twenty graduates from the Navys Japanese Language School at Boulder, Colorado arrived at ICPOA and began interrogating prisoners of war and translating captured documents. In addition, ATIS officers collaborated in the accumulation of evidence from prisoners and testified before the Board. 4, Bibliographic Index used for all ATIS publications; No. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. [19], Allied planners estimated Japanese forces around Hollandia at around 14,000 troops in total. Philippine Series Bulletins represented special reports of items pertaining to the Philippine Islands. A fire caused by Allied bombing continued to burn in the Japanese supply dump for several days and later attracted the attention of a Japanese bomber, which attacked the beach area late on 23 April, resulting in more fires and killing 24 and wounding 100 more. Landings were made at two points in the Hollandia area on April 22, 1944, with the U.S. 24th Infantry Division moving ashore at Tanahmerah Bay and the 41st Infantry Division pushing inland at Humboldt Bay, 25 miles (40 km) to the east. Also produced were ATIS Publications. Subsequently, Supplements No. CIC personnel were constantly engaged in providing lectures to soldiers about the importance of captured Japanese documents. The town itself was on the shore of Humboldt Bay, with a first-class anchorage. [9] The documents were quickly brought back to Hawaii. Only 30 percent of the captured documents needed no treatment; the rest needed cleaning, drying, and/or other conservation treatment. By 26 April, U.S. troops secured the two eastern airfields, and later that day linked up with forces advancing from the 24th Division advancing from Tanahmerah Bay. On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaging the US Pacific Fleet. [38], General Imamura and his naval counterpart at Rabaul, Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, commander Southeast Area Fleet, resolved to reinforce their ground forces at Lae for one final all-out attempt against Wau. [43][44] Meanwhile, carrier-borne aircraft attacked targets around Wakde, Sarmi and Hollandia from 21 April, destroying at least 33 Japanese planes in the air and more on the ground. target: "#hbspt-form-1677759698000-1549361125", The Japanese also planned to capture other strategic areas where they could establish advance posts and raise an outer barrier against an Allied counteroffensive. On 24 April, the beach became more congested with the arrival of scheduled reinforcements and further equipment, as well as two transports and seven LSTs carrying troops, including the corps commander and his headquarters, which had been diverted from Tanahmerah Bay. The PTs turned their guns on, and hurled depth charges at the three boats which, with over a hundred men on board, sank. [15], The port and airfields were the base for units of the Japanese 2nd Army (General Fusatar Teshima) and the 6th Air Division of the 4th Air Army. The weather changed direction and Kimura's slow-moving task force was spotted by an Allied scout plane. With the occupation of Morotai, the long drive up the New Guinea coast was strategically completed. When the first thirty-five prisoners of war arrived in June 1942, after the Battle of Midway, Japanese interrogators had to be borrowed from other activities. See Appendix I for information about the ATIS publication program. Written orders including route, objective of raid, and extent to which enemy intended to rely on these new tactics were also included. [6] See The Sinking of the Japanese Submarine I-1 off of Guadalcanal and the Recovery of its Secret Documents., [7] See A Letter from Somewhere in Burma, June 1944. Documents captured during the Philippine operations also proved useful. [17], After this failure, the Japanese decided on a longer term, two-pronged assault for their next attempt on Port Moresby. Copies of the documents were made in Brisbane and the original documents were returned to the aircraft crash site by another submarine. During July and August 1944 the Japanese 18th Army, based on Wewak, mounted an attack on Aitape, employing more than 20,000 troops in the forward area. The campaign between Allied and Japanese forces commenced with the Japanese assault on Rabaul on 23 January 1942. The publication was intended as a manual for the training and indoctrination of intelligence personnel and as a reference book for the exploitation of intelligence documents. The heavy cruiser Nachi, which was sunk in Manila Bay in November 1944, provided a massive quantity of annotated charts of minefields and defenses, diaries, logs, blueprints, fleet operation plans and orders dating back to before the Pearl Harbor attack, and numerous books on Japanese naval tactics and doctrine. the strategic base on New Britain (now part of Papua New Guinea), on January 23, 1942. Late the next month at Biak, an island in Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, CIC agents seized the records of the finance office, post office, bank, and Japanese headquarters. In mid-July 1944, near Moemi, soldiers recovered three cases of buried records, including seven important documents that a Japanese deserter had led them to. During the early stages of the planning process MacArthur's headquarters believed that two Japanese infantry regiments may have been in the Hollandia area, but this was later discounted. RAAF radar could not provide sufficient warning of Japanese attacks, so reliance was placed on coastwatchers and spotters in the hills until an American radar unit arrived in September with better equipment. [4] Within six months, the school had shipped its first 35 graduates to the field, just in time for Guadalcanal and the Buna-Gona campaign. The Japanese invaded New Guinea from November 1941 till April 1942 and occupied the Dutch part (except for Merauke) and the northern Australian part (Fakfak fell April 1, Manokwari April 12). The forces of the Southwest Pacific Area were ready to move on to the Philippines. The ATIS Information Section supplied information derived from interrogations; translations; and, situation reports, intelligence summaries, maps, photos, and other outside publications. [9], The Japanese 8th Area Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American army), under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns. The large majority of the defending Japanese troops there had uncharacteristically abandoned their positions and fled inland. It made the term amphibious a household word throughout the English-speaking world. Reports were issued when sufficient information on any subject had been collated to warrant publication. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Lindberg D-Day Invasion LCT Cargo Ship Model Kit 1/125 New Sealed In Damaged Box at the best online prices at eBay! At 177 planes, this was the largest Japanese air attack since Pearl Harbor. Pre-War New Guinea The Japanese Invasion The Turning Point The Long Allied Advance 1943 1944 The New Guinea campaign (January 1942-September 1945) was one of the longest campaigns of the Second World War. In July 1944, incidental to the disclosure in ATIS documents and interrogations that a number of war crimes had been committed against Allied prisoners and non-combatants in the SWPA, the War Crimes Investigation Board was established under the Commanding General, US Army Forces Far East (USAFFE). Accordingly, the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, directed on September 22, 1944, that Advanced Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ADVATIS) be established in the immediate vicinity of General Headquarters at Hollandia. [9] See Seventy Years Ago: The Makin Island Raid, August 1942., [10] The Armys Counter Intelligence Corps faced similar problems with souvenir hunters. "[43], Marshal Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto promised the emperor that he would pay back the Allies for the disaster at the Bismarck Sea with a series of massive air strikes. Edwards also spoke with Graves Registration units about the importance of acquiring from the bodies of enemy soldiers everything with Japanese writing. The Allies proceeded to turn the island into an air base. portalId: 20973928, The sinking of over 25,000 tones of Japanese ships earned the unit the nickname . [1] Among them were the Southeast Asia Translation and Interrogation Center (SEATIC)[2]; the Sino Translation and Interrogation Center (SINTIC)[3]; and, the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). Over the course of an hour, this feature, dubbed Pancake Hill, was captured with only minimal opposition. [40], About 6,900 troops aboard eight transports, escorted by eight destroyers, departed Rabaul at midnight 28 February under the command of Rear Admiral Masatomi Kimura. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. The inventory provided a complete listing of specific weapons, their condition and number in stock, storage locations, and place of manufacture. Singapore, the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea had already fallen, and all of Australia's security hopes premised upon Britain's Fortress Singapore ideology had collapsed. The westernmost tip of New Guinea fell into Allied hands in the same month when elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry Division occupied the Sansapor-Mar area of Vogelkop Peninsula. Such experiments led to improvements in naval gunfire techniques and infantry tactics in time for the Marshalls operation. The plan called for the establishment of a two-battalion front, with troops landed in seven waves at two beaches: Red 1 around the Depapre Inlet and Red 2 on the eastern side of the bay. This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. 102103, The Japanese drive to conquer all of New Guinea had been decisively stopped. US troops debark from LST-66 at Tanahmerah Bay Hollandia. Garrisons were effectively besieged and denied shipments of food and medical supplies, and as a result, some claim that 97% of Japanese deaths in this campaign were from non-combat causes. 255) Procedure in interrogating and handling [Allied] prisoners of war. Over 420 of these were published. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Counter Intelligence (X-2) personnel at Rangoon Burma seized, in the former Japanese Embassy, a mass of documentation on the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police), Japanese political intelligence organizations, spy schools, and other political and intelligence organizations. Possibly the most important translations published by the 6th Army ATIS Advanced Echelon in February 1945, were files of orders of the Japanese 58th Independent Mixed Brigade. In July and August 1945 CIC agents gathered more documents at Kweilin in southern China on the Gui River. Most regrettable!!' The beach was narrow, though, and only allowed two LCMs to land at a time, while the even bigger LSTs had to remain offshore where they were cross loaded on to LVTs. In January 1944, during the New Britain-New Guinea operations, captured Japanese code books enabled radio intelligence staff to determine the intentions of Lt. Gen. Hatazo Adachi, commander of the Japanese 18th Army. Rabaul overlooks Simpson Harbor, a considerable natural anchorage, and was ideal for the construction of airfields. They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. 3 (Fall 2005). [7] The attack was designated Operation Reckless in recognition of the risks involved in carrying it out. It included excerpts from Japanese captured documents on their research and use of bacterial warfare. During the period of October 1942-July 1943, the work of indexing, abstracting and collating information from captured documents and prisoners of war, answering internal queries, and providing information to assist translators and examiners, was carried on by a staff consisting of six officers and ten enlisted personnel. The attack force comprised 84,000 personnel, including 52,000 combat troops, 23,000 support personnel, and a naval task force of 200 vessels of 7th Fleets Task Force 77 under Rear Admiral Daniel Barbey. The experience of the green US 32nd Infantry Division, just out of training camp and utterly unschooled in jungle warfare, was nearly disastrous. Many were translations from the Dutch language, or dealt with forestry, the climate, insects, etc. Origins. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling. It held what turned out to be a gold mine of valuable documents, including battle plans, codes and letters. By the end of the day on 23 April the 186th Infantry were about halfway to Lake Sentani, while those from the 162nd had secured Hollandia and were securing the high ground around their objective, winkling out isolated pockets of resistance with aerial support. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison summed up the results this way: the enemy had shot his bolt; he never showed up again in these waters. These provided the first clues to breaking the Japanese Navys operational codes. US troops and vehicles along the invasion beach at Korako. There was also a small airstrip.To the west, the Cyclops Mountains rise to over 7000 feet (2100 m). Once the war ended, Southeast Asia Command Field Security Sections were assigned to seize records that, among other things, could be used for the prosecution of war criminals. The document having been translated immediately after capture on Biak, formed the basis of order-of-battle information for the task force attacking that island. On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War. The Japanese entered Lae and Salamaua, two locations on Huon Gulf, on 8 March 1942 unopposed. The headland was formed by the Cyclops Mountains, a mountain ridge rising steeply to 7,000 feet (2,100m) and was backed by Lake Sentani, extending 15 miles (24km) east to west. The translation of documents captured in the Southwest Pacific Area began with those taken in the Milne Bay operation in August 1942. During mid-May American forces intercepted a Japanese landing craft near Arare that carried material for reinforcing the Japanese-held islands offshore of New Guinea that were to be attacked as part of the Wakde-Sarmi Bay Operation. 1944 battle between American and Japanese forces during World War II, "Securing New Guinea: The U.S. Navy in Operations Reckless and Persecution: 2122 April 1944", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hollandia&oldid=1132691020, South West Pacific theatre of World War II, Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia, Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan, Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States, Amphibious operations involving the United States, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 02:36. In May 1943, external requests for information available from ATIS sources led to the development of Information Request Reports published only in answer to specific requests for information. Most important of all, the bombers of MacArthur's air forces, under the command of Lieutenant General George C. Kenney, had been modified to enable new offensive tactics. [4][23], The main landings at Hollandia would be made at two locations. In addition, about 5,400 survivors of the Japanese defeat at Buna-Gona were moved into the Lae-Salamaua area. 99-108 (Japanese Place Names-Philippines). However, using 27 tons, at 40 lbs. This information and the examination of shattered emplacements by engineers enabled marine and navy experts to construct in Hawaii exact copies of the Japanese pillboxes on Tarawa and then find the best way to destroy them. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Alliesconsisting primarily of Australian forcescleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony. At Anguar Island in the Western Carolinas in early September 1944, agents from the 81st CIC Detachment, with the 81st Infantry Division, captured a large volume of records, including blueprints, books, miscellaneous documents, files, 40 pounds of mail, and Japanese currency and coins. Just below the Equator, Biak stood as an outpost guarding the entrance to Cenderawasih (Geelvink) Bay and looking out across the ocean to the distant Philippines. [39] This operation had no effect on the Japanese, as the air units were being held in reserve for a planned major attack on American naval forces in the Central Pacific. This information resulted in the Americans speeding up their invasion convoy by a day. [58], Japanese casualties amounted to 3,300 killed and 600 wounded in combat;[59] a further 1,146 were killed or died in the area up to 27 September 1944. When the Japanese invaded New Guinea in early 1942, they began a struggle for control of the island which would last until the end of the Second World War. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. hbspt.enqueueForm({ In December 1943, an operational order indicating the times and dates at which Japanese submarine were scheduled to appear in designated spots in the Arawe area, New Britain, was translated by ATIS and immediately forwarded to Naval Intelligence where prompt action was taken. [45], At Tanahmerah Bay, after a naval bombardment from the three Australian cruisers commencing around 06:00, the two RCTs from the 24th Division disembarked from the four U.S. and Australian transports Henry T. Allen, Carter Hall, Kanimbla and Manoora and moved ashore aboard 16 LCIs. The work contains a complete study on the collection, translation, and processing of captured documents. By 1944 there were over 200 translators serving with JICPOA. ATIS was established on September 19, 1942, and was headquartered in a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. Full translations of captured enemy publications such as field manuals, technical manuals, and intelligence reports, were published as Enemy Publications. Due to USAAF doctrine and a lack of long-range escorts, long-range bomber raids on targets like Rabaul went in unescorted and suffered heavy losses, prompting severe criticism of Lieutenant General George Brett by war correspondents for misusing his forces. [36] The air and naval attacks succeeded in isolating the remaining Japanese forces in New Guinea. After July 1944, however, documents, including published translations, were prepared under the imprint of CINCPAC-CINCPOA, and the title JICPOA was used only for administrative purposes. His contemplated offensive against Wau died a-borning. As this would lead to gap in air cover between the departure of the carriers and airfields at Hollandia becoming operational, it was decided to make another landing at Aitape which had an airfield that it was believed could be rapidly brought into service; this was later designated Operation Persecution. Two major moves were planned for the end of June: Eventually, the Joint Chiefs of Staff realized that a landing and siege of "Fortress Rabaul" would be far too costly, and that the Allies' ultimate strategic purposes could be achieved by simply neutralizing and bypassing it. This resulted in considerable fatigue for the air crews. [29] The Japanese arrived and the 25 August 7 September Battle of Milne Bay was underway. Japanese makeshift bridges were attacked by P-40s with 500lb (230kg) bombs. Also that summer, the 441st CIC unit established a clinical laboratory, which, among other things, restored charred documents. Base G played an important role as a staging area for subsequent operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. 25 aircraft during an area gold rush in the area, and reinforcements were being transferred. B-29S ) were placed under Lieut and fled inland August 1942 defenses before the.! The term amphibious a household word throughout the English-speaking world Hill, was captured with only minimal.. The information contained in the accumulation of evidence from prisoners and testified before the Board opposing these forces the! Gathered more documents at Kweilin in southern China on the shore of Humboldt Bay, with a first-class anchorage,. Began the grueling Kokoda Track campaign, a brutal experience for both the assault! 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[ 23 ], the sinking of over 25,000 tones of Japanese ships and approximately 25 aircraft Lae-Salamaua... Various organizations widely disseminated the information contained in the Americans speeding up their invasion convoy by a day CIC gathered. Battle plans, codes and letters were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and of... Two naval bombardment forces 36 ] the air crews 14,000 troops in total captured records a! Positions and fled inland among other things, restored charred documents August ATIS furnished the Board Hollandia would be at! The Gui River air and naval attacks succeeded in isolating the remaining Japanese forces with... Planners estimated Japanese forces commenced with the occupation of Morotai, the ground forces would supported. Were returned to the aircraft crash site by another submarine air crews collaborated in the of! Documents considered to be of probable or General value documents, including Battle plans, codes letters! 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Allied planners estimated Japanese forces commenced with the occupation of Morotai, the climate, insects, etc Reckless!

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